Grafting is a horticultural technique that joins parts of two plants so they grow as one. This method is widely used in fruit tree propagation to combine desirable traits of the rootstock and scion. Here’s a detailed guide to graft trees correctly and efficiently, including the under-the-bark grafting method.
1. Choosing the Right Time for Grafting
- The ideal time for grafting is late winter or early spring before the sap begins to flow and bud break occurs.
- This timing ensures the graft has a full growing season to heal and establish.
2. Selecting Scion and Rootstock
- Scion: Choose healthy, disease-free scion wood from a one-year-old branch. The scion should have 2–3 buds.
- Rootstock: Use a compatible, healthy, and well-established rootstock. Ensure the sizes align with your chosen grafting method.
3. Common Grafting Techniques
- Whip Grafting: Used when the scion and rootstock are of similar size. Make diagonal cuts on both parts and join so the cambium layers (green layer beneath the bark) align.
- Cleft Grafting: Suitable for larger rootstocks. Make a vertical cut in the rootstock and insert a wedge-shaped scion into the split.
- Bud Grafting (Budding): Insert a single bud into a cut on the rootstock. This method is common in summer when buds are mature.
4. Grafting Under the Bark
- Best For: Large rootstocks and times when the bark separates easily from the wood (usually in spring).
- Steps:
- Make a vertical T-shaped cut on the rootstock bark.
- Carefully peel back the bark to expose the cambium layer.
- Insert a scion with a sloped cut, ensuring cambium contact.
- Secure the graft with tape or grafting wax to hold it in place and prevent drying.
5. Aftercare of Grafts
- Seal the graft with grafting wax or tape to protect it from drying and infections.
- Water the plant regularly but avoid fertilizing until the graft establishes.
- Monitor for signs of successful growth or failure, and remove suckers from the rootstock to redirect energy to the graft.
6. Tips for Success
- Use sanitized, sharp tools to make clean cuts and prevent the spread of disease.
- Ensure tight cambium contact for nutrient exchange and successful healing.
- Label grafted plants for identification and record keeping.
- Be patient, as grafting success may take time to show results.
Grafting allows gardeners to repair damaged trees, create custom fruit combinations, or preserve heritage varieties. With careful practice and attention to detail, you can achieve successful grafts and enjoy productive, healthy trees in your garden or orchard.